12.1 Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army)īackground Early British Colonialism in India.12 Final process of Indian self-rule movement.7.3 1st Christmas Day and 2nd Christmas Day plot.In 1971, East Pakistan declared its own independence as Bangladesh. Pakistan remained a dominion until 1956 when it adopted its first constitution. India remained a Crown Dominion until 26 January 1950, when the Constitution of India established the Republic of India. It culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947, which ended Crown suzerainty over India and created Pakistan. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation. Essentially anti-colonial, it was supplemented by visions of independent, economic development with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. The Indian independence movement was in constant ideological evolution. Meanwhile, Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar, and Chandra Shekhar Azad assassinated key British officers, and bombed Government buildings. Bose famously allied with the Axis powers and formed the Azad Hind. Frustrated by perceived Congress inaction, revolutionaries such as Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Subhas Chandra Bose resorted to violent means. The Act sparked protests across India, especially in the Punjab province, where they were violently suppressed in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. This became especially popular after the Rowlatt Act, which permitted indefinite detention. Some leaders followed a more violent approach. Female leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Pritilata Waddedar, and Kasturba Gandhi promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in the freedom struggle. Intellectuals such as Rabindranath Tagore, Subramania Bharati, and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay spread patriotic awareness. The final stages of the independence struggle from the 1920s was characterized by Congress' adoption of Mahatma Gandhi's policy of non-violence and civil disobedience. The first half of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards self-rule by the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate, Aurobindo Ghosh and V. It later took root in the newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking the right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations in British India, as well as more economic rights for natives. The first nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian independence emerged from Bengal. The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India.
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